What is ORTHO CLINCAL EXAMINATION Hip Joint and treatment management physiotherapy

Introduction

 

Briefy explain to the patient what the examination involves

Ask the patient to remove their bottom clothing, exposing the hip

Offer the patient a chaperone, as necessary

Always start with inspection and proceed as below unless instructed otherwise; be prepared to be instructed to move on quickly to certain sections by the examiner.

Inspection

Introduce yourself to the patient

Wash your hands

Whilst the patient is standing:

Assess patient gait, such as

Trendelenburg gait

 

 – caused by dysfunction of the hip abductors (gluteus medius and minimus), the patients contralateral hip drops when walking; the patient often offsets this by leaning their trunk toward the affected hip

Antalgic

 

 – produced from weight bearing on painful leg, resulting in a shortened stance-phase and producing the characteristic ‘limping’ patient

Examine for quadriceps muscle bulk

Ask the patient to lie supine on the bed:

Assess for:

Skin changes (uncommon in primary hip pathology as the joint is deep)

Scars (indicative of previous surgery)

Swelling (also uncommon, as the joint is deep)

Measure leg length with a tape measure. This assesses whether there is an actual leg length discrepancy and whether there is any pelvic tilt present to compensate for this:

True leg length = ASIS to medial malleolus

Apparent leg length = pubic symphysis to medial malleolus 

Palpate

Assess for temperature

Feel for trochanteric bursa tenderness

Palpate over the greater trochanter

Movement

All movements are passive when examining the hip, ensuring to note any pain, the range of motion, and any crepitus.

Abduction and adduction

Place one hand across the patient’s pelvis to ensure that the pelvis remains still and that the movement is coming from the hip joint and not the pelvis

Flexion and extension

Internal and external rotation (assessed with the hip flexed)

Special Tests

Thomas’ Test (assesses for fixed flexion deformity)

 

Have patient lying in the supine position, and place one hand underneath the patients lumbar spine to ensure loss of the lumbar lordosis

Fully flex the contralateral hip and observe the ipsilateral hip (i.e. the one that you are examining). Any flexion in this hip suggests a fixed flexion deformity. Repeat this test on both sides

Trendelenburg test (assesses abductor muscle function)*

 

Ask patient to place their hands on your outstretched hands (for stability) and ask them to stand on the leg that you are examining, lifting the contralateral leg off the ground (for 30 seconds).

Feel for a drop in the pelvis on the contralateral side. If there is abductor pathology (gluteus medius and minimus) on the side you are examining then the contralateral side (the normal side) will sag down (“Sound Side Sags”)

What is ORTHO CLINCAL EXAMINATION OF HAND and management 🙌

Introduction

Introduce yourself to the patient

Wash your hands

Briefly explain to the patient what the examination involves

 

Ask the patients to place their hands on a pillow

Always start with inspection and proceed as below unless instructed otherwise; be prepared to be instructed to move on quickly to certain sections by the examiner.

Inspection

Ask the patient to pronate their hands

Inspect for pathology in the:

Nails

Heberdens (DIPJ) or Bouchards (PIPJ) nodes (present in osteoarthritis)

 

Dorsum of the hand

Check the rotational axis of each finger (look from the tips of the fingers) to assess for any rotational deformity

Ask the patient to supinate their hands

Assess for any obvious pathology in the palms (e.g. Dupuytren’s contractures)

Ask the patient to flex their elbows and show you their elbows / dorsal surface of their forearms

Check for psoriatic plaques, rheumatoid nodules, or gouty tophi

Palpation

Ask the patient to again place their hands back on the pillow, in a supine position:

Assess temperature

Using the dorsal surface of your own hand,

 feel distal to proximal along the patient’s hand 

 and forearm, and compare

 with the contralateral side

Feel for the radial pulse

Assess the muscle bulk of the thenar 

eminence and hypothenar eminence

Run the pad of your thumb firmly over these areas

Compare for asymmetry, caused commonly by disuse or denervation

 (i.e. carpal tunnel syndrome)

Assess the tendons of the hand, feeling for nodules or contractures

Ask the patient to pronate their hands:

Palpate the bony anatomy of the hands, feeling for any tenderness

The radial and ulnar styloid processes

The carpal bones

Along the length of each metacarpal

Gently squeeze all 4 MCP joints together (often painful in inflammatory arthropathies)

Bimanually palpate all of the MCP joints, PIP joints, and DIP joints

This is best done by placing the thumb and index finger around the joint in a pincer like grip, and the other hand the same at 90o to the first hand, feeling for tenderness and laxity in the joint

Movement

Ask the patient to keep the hands in the pronated position:

Check the extensors of the hand, asking the patient to

Extend the wrist against resistance (extensors)

Raise the thumb off of the pillow (EPL)

Hold the wrist passively in extension and ask the patient to extend their fingers (ED)

Flex the fingers to 90oat the MCP joints and ask the patient to extend their fingers again (lumbricals)

Ask the patient to supinate the hands:

Check the flexors of the hand, asking the patient to

Flex the wrist against resistance

Flex the fingers at the PIP joints

Isolate the 3 fingers that are not being tested (simply hold them in the natural anatomical position) and ask the patient to flex the finger being tested (FDS)

Flex the fingers at the DIP joints

Isolate the proximal and middle phalanges by holding them firmly and then asking the patient to flex the distal phalynx of that finger (FDP)

Check the action of the wrists, asking the patient

Abduct their wrists against resistance

Adduct their wrists against resistance

Check the action of the thumbs, asking the patient to

Flex the thumb (FPL)

Abduction the thumb (APL and APB)

Adduction the thumb (AP)

Opposition the thumb (OP)

Assess the functioning of the hand by assessing:

Power grip

Place two fingers in to the patient’s palm and ask them to squeeze as firmly as possible

Pincer grip

Ask the patient to pinch the tip of you finger

Fine motor function

Ask the patient to pick up a penny or do up the buttons on a shirt

Check the sensorimotor function of the terminal branches of the brachial plexus*:

                              

                                   

Median nerve

Motor – confirm thumb abduction is present (tests APB)

Sensation – check at the radial border of tip of index finger

Radial nerve

Motor – confirm MCPJ extension is present (tests ED)

Sensation – check at the dorsal surface of first digital web space

Ulnar nerve

Motor – confirm finger abduction & adduction (tests palmar and dorsal interossei)

Sensation – check at the ulnar border of tip of little finger

Assess the vascular status of the hand by assessing:

Colour / temperature / capillary refill time

*In the context of trauma, a different assessment is performed, assessing each aspect of the brachial plexus in turn

Special Tests

                                       

Phalen’s Test (test for carpal tunnel syndrome)

 

Ask the patient to place the dorsal surfaces of their hands together and then fully flex the wrists (the ‘reverse prayer’). Hold for 30–60 seconds. This will reproduce their symptoms in positive cases

Tinel’s Test (test for carpal tunnel syndrome)

 

Gently percuss over the volar aspect of the carpal tunnel – this is found just distal to the wrist crease, overlying the carpal bones. In a positive test, the patient will report paraesthesia in the distribution of the median nerve

Finkelstein’s Test (test for DeQuervain’s Tenosynovitis)

 

The thumb is flexed across the palm and the fingers are then wrapped around it. The wrist is then passively adducted (or ulnar deviated). This causes a disproportionate amount of pain over the radial styloid on the affected side

Assess again by running down with the pad of your thumb